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Article History

Received: 13 October 2024

Accepted: 3 March 2025

First Online: 28 March 2025

Declarations

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: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the University of Cologne (No. 24–1120-retro). The data were analyzed anonymously; therefore, our institutional review board waived the need for informed consent.

: SH, TM, LG and VDC declare no conflicts. LMC reports grants for a doctoral scholarship from the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) within the framework of the Auto-COVID-VACC study. JS has received research grants by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Noscendo and Basilea Pharmaceuticals; has received speaker honoraria by AbbVie, Hikma, Pfizer and Gilead; has been a consultant to Gilead, Alvea Vax and Micron Research outside the submitted work. RS reports grants from the German Center for infection Research, lecture and speaker honoraria from Akademie für Infektionsmedizin e.V., Hikma and Pfizer and travel support from the European Confederation of Medical Mycology, Page Medical and Pfizer; all outside of the submitted work. JSG reports participation on a Advisory board for Pfizer, not involved in the submitted work, and has received speaker honoraria from AstraZeneca, Gilead Sciences, Menarini and Pfizer, not involved in the submitted work. HG is an inventor on patent applications on SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies filed by the University of Cologne and has received payments from the University of Cologne for licensend patents. SCM reports grants from DZIF and has received speaker honoraria by Pfizer. OAC reports grants or contracts from BMBF, Cidara, DZIF, EU-DG RTD, F2G, Gilead, MedPace, MSD, Mundipharma, Octapharma, Pfizer, Scynexis; Consulting fees from Abbvie, AiCuris, Basilea, Biocon, Boston Strategic Partners, Cidara, Seqirus, Gilead, GSK, IQVIA, Janssen, Matinas, MedPace, Menarini, Molecular Partners, MSG-ERC, Mundipharma, Noxxon, Octapharma, Pardes, Partner Therapeutics, Pfizer, PSI, Scynexis, Seres, Shionogi, The Prime Meridian Group; Speaker and lecture honoraria from Abbott, Abbvie, Akademie für Infektionsmedizin, Al-Jazeera Pharmaceuticals/Hikma, amedes, AstraZeneca, Deutscher Ärzteverlag, Gilead, GSK, Grupo Biotoscana/United Medical/Knight, Ipsen Pharma, Medscape/WebMD, MedUpdate, MSD, Moderna, Mundipharma, Noscendo, Paul-Martini-Stiftung, Pfizer, Sandoz, Seqirus, Shionogi, streamedup!, Touch Independent, Vitis; Payment for expert testimony Cidara; Participation on a DRC, DSMB, Advisory Board for Cidara, IQVIA, Janssen, MedPace, PSI, Pulmocide, Vedanta Biosciences.