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Article History

Received: 5 February 2026

Accepted: 15 September 2026

First Online: 21 September 2026

Declaration

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The research was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles set out in the Declaration of Helsinki on research involving human subjects, as well as with current legislation on the protection of personal data and the relevant institutional protocols. Voluntary participation was ensured by obtaining informed consent, maintaining the confidentiality of the information collected and processing the data anonymously throughout the research process. This study received ethical approval from the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Granada (Comité de Ética en Investigación Humana de la Universidad de Granada, CEIH-UGR), which reviewed and approved the research protocol before data collection commenced (Reference: 4556/CEIH/2024). The project was coordinated by the University of Granada, and this ethics approval covered the conduct of the study across the participating institutions. No separate ethics review or institutional review board approval was sought from Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED), Costa Rica, as the study was conducted under the ethics oversight of the coordinating institution and no additional local ethics review was required by the participating institution.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.