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Article History

Received: 8 October 2024

Accepted: 2 April 2025

First Online: 2 May 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethics permission was obtained for this research and the ethics application approved by the University of Exeter’s Social Science and International Studies Ethics Committee process: ethics reference 201920-097. This covers issues of confidentiality, anonymity, consent and integrity of the research process. The research was carried out following the guidelines of the ethics committee listed in the ethics statement. Freely-given, informed consent (for participation and for publication) was obtained from all participants in the research in accordance with the ethics statement.

: The authors hereby provide consent for the publication of the manuscript detailed above, including any accompanying images or data contained within the manuscript that may directly or indirectly disclose our identity. We understand that this information will be freely available online, and accessible to the general public. We understand that under the Discover Cities terms of publication, this information may be reproduced and used for other purposes, including commercial uses. We acknowledge that this will reduce our actual privacy to the extent of the content of the manuscript. We confirm that we have been given the opportunity to view the manuscript prior to publication, and understand that once published, it cannot be removed from the published record except in exceptional circumstances. For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission.

: The authors declare no competing interests.