Document is current

Article History

Received: 14 February 2025

Accepted: 26 September 2025

First Online: 8 October 2025

Declarations

:

: Our institution (Federal University of Technology, Minna) does not require ethics approval for this study because it involves non-sensitive survey data focused on public transportation experiences and safety perceptions.

: Written informed consent to publish was obtained from all participants included in this study. Participants were informed that their anonymized responses would be used for research publication purposes and provided explicit consent for publication of the study findings.

: Written informed consent to participate was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. All participants were informed about the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of their participation, their right to withdraw at any time without penalty, and the confidentiality measures in place to protect their privacy.

: The authors declare no competing interests.