Document is current

Article History

Received: 4 August 2025

Accepted: 8 December 2025

First Online: 18 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study did not involve human participants, and informed consent was not required. The research used de-identified, publicly available secondary data. The initial review by the Oakland University Institutional Review Board determined this study to be No Human Subjects Research according to federal regulations (IRB-FY2026-11). This study did not involve human participants and consent to participate was not required. The research used de-identified, publicly available secondary data as referenced above.

: This study did not involve human participants and consent to publish was not required. The research used de-identified, publicly available secondary data as referenced above.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Not applicable.