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Article History

Received: 10 July 2025

Accepted: 7 January 2026

First Online: 21 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This research involved human participants and was reviewed using Bournemouth University’s online ethics checklist, in consultation with the dissertation supervisor. Based on this assessment, the study was classified as low risk and did not require formal review by a university ethics committee/IRB. All procedures were conducted in accordance with Bournemouth University’s ethics policy and guidance. Participants were provided with study information and gave informed consent before taking part in the interview and/or survey. Participation was voluntary, and participants could withdraw at any time without penalty. Data were anonymized and stored securely, and findings are reported in a manner that protects participants’ privacy and confidentiality. Informed consent to participate was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. For the survey, consent was obtained electronically at the start of the questionnaire, and for the interview, consent was obtained before commencing the semi-structured interview. Participation was voluntary, and participants were informed of their right to withdraw at any time without penalty.

: Written informed consent to publish anonymized data and findings was obtained from all participants prior to completing the online survey distributed.

: Ammar Abulibdeh declares they are an Editorial Board Member of Discover Cities and confirms that they were not involved in the handling or decision-making of their own submission.

: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.