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Article History

Received: 20 July 2025

Accepted: 19 January 2026

First Online: 31 January 2026

Declarations

:

: In accordance with the policies of Addis Ababa University this study paper was ethically approved by Addis Ababa University, Ethiopian Institute of Architecture, Building Construction, and City Development. The ethical review board with a member of five committees named Dr. Mintesinot Woldeamanuel (chair) Dr.Fisseha Wogayehu(member),Dr.eng.Birhanu Woldetinsae(member),Dr.Dangachew Adugna(Member),Dr Liku Workalemhu (Member).For this study, written informed consent was obtained from the thesis proposal evaluation committee before the collection of primary data. The ethical Approval letter includes conclusion, recommendation, and evaluation result of proposal. After that, the university wrote a letter of cooperation to Gelan and Lega Tafo lega Dadi towns for study.

: After informing and obtaining consent for all subject individuals and institutions involved in this study then. The data collectors were trained to maintain the anonymity of the individuals, and the respondents were informed verbally about the nature and purpose of the research before the interview to ensure the necessary confidentiality and anonymity of all participants. Hence Participants were enlightened about the objectives of the study, and that consent was obtained before the data was collected. Participants were also informed of their right to refrain from answering any questions that may be considered too sensitive or personal, and that they can opt out of the study without a penalty at any time. The study was conducted in agreement with the guidelines governing research involving human participants.

: All participants provided informed consent to publish anonymized responses as part of the research findings.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.