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Article History

Received: 8 September 2025

Accepted: 2 March 2026

First Online: 5 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study involved human participants through questionnaire administration. Ethical approval was not required for this study in accordance with national and institutional guidelines, as the research posed no risk and did not involve vulnerable populations. The study was conducted in compliance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional research ethics guidelines. Participation was entirely voluntary, and respondents were assured of anonymity and confidentiality. The protocol was approved by joint committee of Obafemi Awolowo University Postgraduate College and Department of Geography, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria in accordance with the university relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all respondents prior to questionnaire administration. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study, their right to withdraw at any time, and the confidential handling of their responses.

: Informed consent for publication of anonymised data was obtained from all participants involved in the study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.