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Authors
Smetana, Mason
Khazanovich, Lev
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University Transportation Center(s) Program of the U.S. Department of Transportation
The Sustainable Mobility and Accessibility Regional Transportation Equity Research (SMARTER) Center at Morgan State University
Anthony Gill Chair Professor at the University of Pittsburgh
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Article History
Received: 4 August 2025
Accepted: 11 March 2026
First Online: 20 March 2026
Declarations
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: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: During the preparation of this work the authors use OpenAI’s GPT-4o-mini (version: gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-1) model to conduct the majority of analysis in terms of summarization and classification, as defined in the methodology. In addition, OpenAI’s ChatGPT was used to assist proofreading and revision of the manuscript. After using these tools/services, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.
