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Article History

Received: 18 August 2025

Accepted: 10 April 2026

First Online: 19 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The study protocol was approved by the Department of Architecture, Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology, in accordance with the institutional ethical guidelines for research involving human participants. All participants were informed about the purpose of the study, and informed verbal consent was obtained prior to participation. Participation was voluntary, and anonymity and confidentiality were strictly maintained. For participants under the age of 18, verbal consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians, along with the assent of the minors. Informed verbal consent to participate in the study and informed verbal consent to publish the anonymized research findings were obtained from all individual participants prior to the interviews. This verbal approach was adopted to respect the socio-economic and literacy context of the participants. For participants under the age of 18, informed verbal consent to participate and informed verbal consent to publish was obtained from their parents or legal guardians, along with assent from the minors.

: All figures presented in this manuscript are original works created by the authors. Some figures were developed using publicly available base maps, geospatial data, and satellite imagery from sources such as Banglapedia, OpenStreetMap, and Google Earth. These sources are appropriately acknowledged in the respective figure captions. The figures have been substantially modified and analytically interpreted for the purposes of this study, and no copyrighted third-party material has been reproduced that requires formal permission.

: Informed verbal consent to publish the anonymized research findings were obtained from all individual participants prior to the interviews. This verbal approach was adopted to respect the socio-economic and literacy context of the participants. For participants under the age of 18, informed verbal consent to participate and informed verbal consent to publish was obtained from their parents or legal guardians, along with assent from the minors. Pseudonyms have been used in place of real names to ensure participant confidentiality, and no identifying personal information is included in this manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.