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Article History

Received: 29 September 2025

Accepted: 13 April 2026

First Online: 29 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee. Ethical clearance was obtained from the relevant administrative and academic board at Addis Ababa University and the Sheger City municipal authorities, and ethical guidelines approved by the Ethics Committee members, Dr. Woldeab Teshome and Dr. Ezana Amdework. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Participants were briefed on the research objectives, their right to withdraw at any time, and the measures taken to ensure the anonymity of their responses.

: The participants involved in the qualitative interviews, focus group discussions, and case studies provided informed consent for the publication of de-identified data and findings resulting from this research.

: The authors declare no competing interests.