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Article History

Received: 7 November 2025

Accepted: 24 April 2026

First Online: 2 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This study received ethical approval from the Human Research Ethics Committee of Universiti Sains Malaysia (JEPeM–USM) under approval number USM/JEPeM/PP/24040362 . All research procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines and regulations established by the committee. Written informed consent to participate in this study was obtained from all respondents prior to data collection. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of their participation, and that the data collected would be used solely for research purposes. All respondents agreed to participate after reading the participant information sheet and were assured that their personal information would remain strictly confidential.

: Written informed consent for publication was obtained from all participants aged 18 years and above. Participants were informed that the research findings may be published in academic journals or other scholarly publications, and that no personally identifiable information would be disclosed.

: The authors declare no competing interests.