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Article History

Received: 14 December 2025

Accepted: 11 May 2026

First Online: 14 May 2026

Declarations

:

: AI assistance disclosure: LLM responses audited in this study were obtained from ChatGPT, Microsoft Copilot, DeepSeek, Grok, Claude, and Gemini under the direct supervision of the authors. After completing the analysis and drafting, the authors used Microsoft Copilot (October-November 2025) for minor grammar and wording edits. All outputs were reviewed, edited, and verified for accuracy, tone, and factual integrity before inclusion. The analytical results, interpretations, and final conclusions are solely those of the authors.

: This research involved voluntary participation from professional experts who provided anonymized feedback on infrastructure decision scenarios. No personal, sensitive, or identifying information was collected. According to the policies of the City of Sugar Land and Civitas Engineering Group, Inc., this study does not constitute human-subjects research and therefore does not require review or approval by an Institutional Review Board or ethics committee. All procedures adhered to relevant guidelines and regulations for minimal-risk expert elicitation.

: All participants provided informed consent prior to their involvement in the Delphi process. Participation was voluntary, and respondents were informed that their anonymized responses would be used for research purposes. No personally identifiable information was collected at any stage of the study.

: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos).

: The authors declare no competing interests.