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Article History

Received: 30 June 2025

Accepted: 21 May 2026

First Online: 27 May 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the National Council for Science and Technology and with the Science Technology and Innovation Act 2013. The study was approved by the School of Graduate Studies of Technical University of Kenya (App/05136/2017) and National Council for Science and Technology under License Number NACOSTI/P/24/34108.

: All participants provided informed consent prior to their involvement in the study. All participants were above the age of 18. Participation was voluntary, and respondents were informed that their anonymized responses would be used for research purposes only. No personally identifiable information was collected at any stage of this study.

: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos).

: None. We declare that the authors have no competing interests as defined by Discover, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and/or discussion reported in this paper.