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Authors
Nadeem, Ghulam Farooq https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3444-370X
Hanaee, Toktam
Hanif, Asadullah
Zakiri, Jalil Ahmad
Mirzahi, Shakib
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Article History
Received: 27 March 2026
Accepted: 5 August 2026
First Online: 6 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and accordance: The requirement for ethical approval for this study was waived following a retrospective review by the Department of Urban Planning Review Board, Faculty of Engineering, Herat University, Herat, Afghanistan (Protocol Number: UPD002; Date: April 2026). The Board determined that the study did not require formal ethical approval. All research procedures were conducted in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its later amendments.
Consent to participate: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Consent to publish: All participants provided informed consent to publish anonymized responses as part of the research findings.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
