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Article History

Received: 30 October 2024

Accepted: 3 February 2025

First Online: 11 February 2025

Declarations

:

: The study obtained ethical approval from the Research and Ethics Review Committee at Jigjiga University, known as the Institutional Review Board (IRB). The University Ethical Committee determined that obtaining written informed consent from participants was unnecessary, likely due to the study's reliance on secondary data sourced from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). This public dataset serves as the basis for the research. The data were handled in a confidential and anonymous manner, utilizing extraction tools designed to eliminate names and other sensitive details, thereby ensuring participant privacy and adhering to the ethical standards set by the Jigjiga University Ethical Committee. The study was carried out in alignment with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, which stresses the importance of ethical practices and the safeguarding of participants.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.