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Article History

Received: 21 November 2024

Accepted: 3 February 2025

First Online: 13 February 2025

Declarations

:

: The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of King Abdullah International Medical Research Center approved the study (IRB approval number: IRB/0807/23). Confidentiality and anonymity were maintained throughout the study, and no name or badge number was collected from participants. Only the research team had access to the data during the study and after completion. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Study Number: NRC23R-164–03; IRB Approval No.: IRB/0807/23). The study adhered to KAIMRC’s ethical principles, aligned with the International Council on Harmonization's Good Clinical Practice (ICH-GCP) guidelines, and incorporated local cultural values to ensure the protection of human subjects and uphold patients' rights. As a retrospective study using anonymized data, the IRB waived the requirement for informed consent.

: This study was a retrospective cross-sectional analysis conducted at MNGHA, where data were collected from medical records in accordance with institutional policies and regulations. The study exclusively utilized anonymized data, ensuring no personal or identifiable information was accessed or included in the analysis or manuscript. As no direct interaction with patients occurred and no identifiable information was used, obtaining informed consent was not required for this research, in line with the ethical guidelines for retrospective studies at our institution. 

: The authors declare no competing interests.