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Authors
Yin, Zhihong
Xiong, Wei
Zhang, Keda
Luo, Xin
Wei, Ming
Singh, Kapil Dev
Frey, Urs
Li, Xue
Feng, Xia
Sinues, Pablo
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Basel
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Article History
Received: 7 March 2025
Accepted: 18 September 2025
First Online: 5 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study was registered in Chinese Clinical Trial (), registration number is ChiCTR2100048570. The registration date was 20210711 and the date of first participant enrollment was 20211226. This study has been approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Clinical Research and Animal Trails of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University ([2021]730-1). This study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and each participant signed an informed written consent.
: Informed written consent for publication of anonymized data was obtained from all participants included in the study.
: PS is cofounder of Deep Breath Intelligence AG (Switzerland), which develops breath-based diagnostic tools. KS is consultant for Deep Breath Intelligence AG (Switzerland). All other authors declare no conflict of interest.
