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Article History

Received: 8 August 2025

Accepted: 8 November 2025

First Online: 15 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study is a secondary investigation of the dataset used in our previous article on the binary presence of anemia (Wubet et al., Eur J Med Res, 2024; DOI: ). To shed new light on the severity of anemia, the current analysis employs an ordinal regression model. The research fully adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. On December 13, 2022, Addis Ababa University’s Institutional Review Board (IRB) granted ethical approval (protocol number: Ans/6/2022/2023). Due to the retrospective design and the use of anonymized secondary data, informed consent was waived. Institutional clearance was obtained prior to data collection. Records were extracted from the archives of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital using standardized extraction criteria. Trained data collectors followed strict confidentiality protocols while gathering clinical, surgical, and demographic data. Each piece of data was de-identified and stored in password-protected databases accessible only to the research team, ensuring the absence of any personal identifying information. There was no direct patient interaction or additional risk to research participants.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.