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Article History

Received: 7 February 2025

Accepted: 13 November 2025

First Online: 14 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethics Statement: This study was performed in line with principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the University of Colorado Health Institutional Review Board (IRB), protocol number 14-1353. JCA is the owner and the primary surgeon at Anderson Center for Neuropathy and Chronic Pain, where this research was conducted. The questionnaire data were collected by trained medical staff and the physical exam and intraoperative assessments were performed by JCA. MLF was a paid independent contractor for the Anderson Center for Neuropathy and Chronic Pain responsible for coordinating research design, IRB oversight, training medical staff in research protocols, data analysis, and manuscript co-authorship. BLT performed an unbiased review and analysis of the data along with the interpretation of the results to preserve the integrity of the results.

: All participants signed informed consent regarding publishing their data.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Clinical trial number: not applicable. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.