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Authors
Khan, Ahad Mahmud https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4347-0825
Islam, Md Shafiqul https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6109-7717
Chowdhury, Nabidul Haque https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6149-1152
Ahmed, Salahuddin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6771-0638
Jannat, Fatima Tul
Ahasan, Md Faizul
Rashid, Rizouan Ur
Bhuiyan, Rakib
Ullah, Mohammad Sarafat
Shi, Ting
Baqui, Abdullah H. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8350-1983
Cunningham, Steve https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7342-251X
McCollum, Eric D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1872-5566
Campbell, Harry https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6169-6262
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) (Global Health Research Unit on Respiratory Health (16/136/109)
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Article History
Received: 30 October 2025
Accepted: 3 March 2026
First Online: 15 April 2026
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. We obtained ethical approval from the National Research Ethics Committee of Bangladesh Medical Research Council, Bangladesh (Registration Number: 39315022021), and Edinburgh Medical School Research Ethics Committee (EMREC), Edinburgh, UK (REC Reference: 21-EMREC-040). Informed written consent was obtained from the parent or guardian of each child.
: Written consent for publication, including the use of images shown in Fig. , was obtained from the legal guardians/parents of the children included in this study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
