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Article History

Received: 20 March 2025

Accepted: 20 May 2025

First Online: 10 June 2025

Declarations

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: No identifiable information on individuals or businesses were collected during this study. This review did not involve any experiment on animals or research involving human participants, and while we did not require institutional permission for observational research in wildlife markets or zoos, they were added to Oxford Brookes University’s Register of Activities Involving Animals (2012–2025). The research was conducted in compliance with Monitor Conservation Research Society’s Code of Ethics. The present study relied on open-source data, without any interaction with traders or buyers; we followed the recommendations of Morcatty et al. [] when conducting our online searches.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.