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Authors
Sierra-Alarcón, Andrea Milena https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6725-2526
Parra-Forero, Diana Marcela https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3734-0378
Calvo-Salamanca, Ana María https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1345-5891
Durán-Cruz, Erika Natalia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5741-1973
Gualdrón-Duarte, Laura Bibiana https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0981-7095
Ariza-Nieto, Claudia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9965-0625
Ortiz-Cuadros, Ronnal https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3977-1462
Mayorga-Mogollón, Olga Lucia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7872-6109
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural (Grant No. 1000685.)
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Article History
Received: 16 September 2025
Accepted: 21 November 2025
First Online: 26 November 2025
Declarations
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: All experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with institutional animal care guidelines and the Basel Declaration principles for responsible animal research. The experimental protocols were reviewed and approved by the AGROSAVIA Honorary Committee on Ethics in the Use of Animals (Approval codes: FUA 027 of 2019 and FUA 028 of 2019), based on current national legislation: Ley 84 de 1989 (National Statute for Animal Protection in Colombia) and Resolución 8430 de 1993 (Ethics in Health Research). All procedures involving animals were performed with full consideration of animal welfare and in compliance with the 3Rs principles (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) in animal research. Throughout the experiments, no animals were harmed or showed signs of illness. Clinical trial number: not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
