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Article History

Received: 11 August 2025

Accepted: 18 December 2025

First Online: 21 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Centre for Research and Development, Kwara State University, Malete (Approval No. KWASU/CR&D/IRB/2024/0062). All experimental procedures involving animals were conducted in strict accordance with the institutional guidelines and the provisions of the National Code of Health Research Ethics (NHREC), Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria (2007; revised 2014). Throughout the study, efforts were made to minimize animal suffering, veterinary supervision was provided when necessary, and the 3Rs principles (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) were applied to ensure both ethical and scientific integrity.

: The study did not involve human participants; however, informed consent was obtained from the animal suppliers, who were briefed on the intended research use of the animals. The procurement, handling, and housing of animals were performed in compliance with institutional and national ethical standards to ensure humane treatment throughout the experimental period.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.