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Article History

Received: 1 October 2025

Accepted: 30 December 2025

First Online: 7 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines and regulations of Jigjiga University. The research protocol was thoroughly reviewed and approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Review Committee (IRERC) of Jigjiga University (Reference No. JJU/CDA/ARSc/01267/24). Formal permission to conduct fieldwork was also obtained from the relevant district authorities and kebele leaders, ensuring compliance with local regulations and established community protocols.

: Before data collection, the objectives, procedures, and potential implications of the study were clearly explained to all participants in a manner they could easily understand. Verbal informed consent was obtained, as many participants preferred this culturally appropriate approach. Participation was entirely voluntary, and respondents were assured that their decision to participate or to decline would not result in any negative consequences or affect their access to services.

: The authors declare no competing interests.