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Article History

Received: 30 November 2025

Accepted: 9 January 2026

First Online: 18 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study involved only non-invasive visual observations of animals on public display, without any physical contact or behavioural manipulation with tigers, nor any interaction with humans. All observations were conducted from publicly accessible visitor areas of zoological institutions, and no restricted areas were entered. As such, no special permissions or facility authorisations were required. The authors paid standard admission fees. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the For Tigers ethics committee and followed the ARRIVE guidelines for observational research with animals. Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.