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Authors
Mtawali, Mulunji
Kawonga, Bettie
Banda, Liveness Jessica
Chigwa, Fanny
Chiumia, Daniel
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Royal Norwegian Embassy in Lilongwe, Malawi, through Sustainable Food Systems in Malawi Programme
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Article History
Received: 24 December 2025
Accepted: 23 February 2026
First Online: 27 February 2026
Declarations
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: The study methods were reviewed and approved by the Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Ethics Committee (LUANAR-REC), Malawi. All procedures involving animals were conducted in accordance with LUANAR REC guidelines and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Animal Research (SOP No. 3, Version 2), and complied with national regulations governing animal research in Malawi.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participating farmers prior to enrollment of their farms and animals in the study. Permission to conduct the study in the designated areas was granted by the Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development (DAHLD), Ministry of Agriculture, Malawi.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
