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Article History

Received: 13 November 2025

Accepted: 1 April 2026

First Online: 26 April 2026

Change Date: 20 May 2026

Change Type: Update

Change Details: In the original publication there was a typo in the articletitle. The article has been updated to rectify the error.

Declarations

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: The collection and use of plant material in this study complied with all applicable local and national regulations. The plants used in the study were commercial varieties of Brassica oleracea (kale— B. oleracea var. acephala cultivar Manteiga HS-20, broccoli— B. oleracea var. italica cultivar Piracicaba, and cabbage— B. oleracea var. capitata cultivar Bobcat), cultivated under greenhouse conditions for use in the bioassays. The seedlings were obtained from Agrimonte Seeds, Monte Alto, São Paulo, Brazil. Specifically, cabbage seeds were acquired by Agrimonte from Seminis Seeds Brazil, while kale and broccoli seeds were obtained from Sakata Seed Sudamerica Ltda. These are commercially available plant materials; according to Brazilian national guidelines for research involving non-threatened plant species, no specific permits or ethical approval were required.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.