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Authors
Lem, Mbafor Fidelia
Paguem, Archille
Kingsley, Manchang Tanyi
Ndemsah, Naihibu Musa
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Article History
Received: 14 May 2026
Accepted: 11 August 2026
First Online: 25 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the REFOTDE Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (RIAEC), Cameroon (Approval Certificate No. 002/RIAEC/2024). All experimental procedures involving animals were conducted in accordance with institutional and international guidelines governing the ethical use of animals in research, including the ARRIVE guidelines and the Basel Declaration on the responsible use of animals in research. No live experimental procedures beyond sampling at the point of slaughter were performed. Informed consent was obtained from the owners of all animals included in this study. Animal owners were informed of the nature and purpose of the study and agreed to allow faecal and blood samples to be collected from their animals opportunistically at the point of slaughter.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
