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Article History

Received: 5 December 2025

Accepted: 14 March 2026

First Online: 26 March 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in both studies were in accordance with the ethical standards of the national ethics committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study has been approved by the applicable ethics committee.All participants signed an informed consent form.

: Not applicable.

: Dirk Arnold received consulting fees and honoraria for presentations and lectures and travel support from Boston Scientific and Terumo, MSD, BMS, AstraZeneca, Roche, Servier, Sanofi, and Merck Serono. He is on the guidelines committee of the European Society for Medical Oncology and supported oncopolicy manuscripts for the European Cancer Organisation. Romaric Loffroy received honoraria for lectures from Sirtex. Maxime Ronot received honoraria for lectures from GE Healthcare, Ipsen, Canon-Toshiba, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Guerbet, and Sirtex. Bruno Sangro received grants or contracts from Sirtex and BMS, consulting fees from Adaptimmune, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Boston Scientific, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Incyte, Ipsen, Roche, Sirtex Medical, Terumo; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Eisai, Incyte, Ipsen, Roche, Sirtex Medical; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board from Adaptimmune, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Boston Scientific, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Incyte, Ipsen, Roche, Sirtex Medical, Terumo, and has a leadership or fiduciary role in the International Liver Cancer Association. Olivier Pellerin received honoraria for lectures from Merit Medical, and he is co-founder of PERSEA. Geert Maleux received honoraria for speaker’s bureau from Sirtex Medical and operated as a proctor for Sirtex. Valérie Vilgrain received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events, and payment for expert testimony from Sirtex. Thomas Helmberger, Frank Kolligs, Niklaus Schaefer, Bora Peynircioglu, Jose Ignacio Bilbao, Milan Geyer, Maria Urdaniz, Bleranda Zeka and Niels de Jong declare that they have no competing interests.