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Article History

Received: 23 January 2026

Accepted: 15 May 2026

First Online: 21 May 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in the study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the national ethics committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study has been approved by the applicable ethics committees.All participants signed an informed consent form.

: Not applicable.

: Dirk Arnold received consulting fees and honoraria for presentations and lectures and travel support from Boston Scientific and Terumo, MSD, BMS, AstraZeneca, Roche, Servier, Sanofi and Merck Serono. He is on the guidelines committee of the European Society for Medical Oncology, and supported oncopolicy manuscripts for the European Cancer Organisation. Bruno Sangro received grants or contracts from Sirtex and BMS, consulting fees from Adaptimmune, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, BMS, Boston Scientific, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Incyte, Ipsen, Roche, Sirtex Medical, Terumo; Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Astra Zeneca, Bayer, BMS, Eisai, Incyte, Ipsen, Roche, Sirtex Medical; Participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board from Adaptimmune, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, BMS, Boston Scientific, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Incyte, Ipsen, Roche, Sirtex Medical, Terumo, and has a leadership or fiduciary role in the International Liver Cancer Association. Geert Maleux received honoraria for speaker’s bureau from Sirtex Medical and operated as a proctor for Sirtex. Maciej Pech participated as sponsor of the SORAMIC study and received third-party funding from SIRTEX. David Dimitrios Chlorogiannis, Thomas Helmberger, Frank Kolligs, Thomas Pfammatter, Jose Ignacio Bilbao, Milan Geyer, Maria Urdaniz and Niels de Jong had nothing to declare.