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Authors
Nakabiri, Gloria
Ssekatawa, Kenneth
Sembajwe, Lawrence Fred
Nsubuga, Julius
Bagaya, Jamidah
Kitibwa, Anna
Kato, Charles Drago https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3160-6657
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
MAPRONANO ACE, Makerere University
RIF, Makerere University
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Article History
Received: 2 October 2025
Accepted: 24 December 2025
First Online: 11 January 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the Mulago National Referral Hospital Research and Ethics Committee (MHREC1611). The study posed no significant ethical concerns, as only inanimate objects were sampled. Permission to collect samples was granted by the management of Mulago National Referral Hospital.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
