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Authors
Alharbi, Mohammed Ahmed
Quronfulah, Baraa Sami
Aldomini, Muath
Nour, Mohamed Osama
Almalki, Shahad
Bakhsh, Dana
Alharthi, Lama
Al-Ansari, Raghad
Almabadi, Reema
Alghamdi, Abdullah Ahmed
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Article History
Received: 23 July 2025
Accepted: 25 October 2025
First Online: 10 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee of Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia (Approval No.: HAPO-02-K-012-2025-02-2555). The committee confirmed that the research proposal met all institutional requirements and ethical standards for scientific research. Participation was voluntary, and informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection.
