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Authors
Dong, Zhiang
Chen, Jingyuan
Wu, Fei
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Article History
Received: 5 January 2025
Revised: 20 February 2025
Accepted: 3 March 2025
First Online: 17 May 2025
Ethics
: Conflict of Interest Fei Wu is a member of the Editorial Board and Jingyuan Chen is a Senior Editor of Frontiers of Digital Education, who were excluded from the peer-review process and all editorial decisions related to the acceptance and publication of this article. Peer-review was handled independently by the other editors to minimise bias.
: Ethics Statements The authors declare that their Institutional Ethics Committee confirmed that no ethical review was required for this study. Written informed consent for participation was not required because all participants’ data was anonymized before the statistical analyses were conducted.
