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Article History

Received: 23 March 2026

Accepted: 4 June 2026

First Online: 3 July 2026

Declarations

:

: Formal ethical approval was not required for this study in accordance with institutional guidelines, as it involved anonymous and voluntary participation by adult students and posed minimal risk. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the participating institutions. Participation was voluntary, and no personally identifiable information was collected.

: During the preparation of this manuscript, ChatGPT was employed solely to enhance the text clarity, language, and overall readability. The tool was not involved in generating the original content or conceptual development. The authors reviewed, revised, and verified all AI-assisted outputs to ensure accuracy, coherence, and scientific integrity. The authors take full responsibility for the final content of the submitted and published work.

: Participants were informed at the beginning of the session about the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, and their right to decline or withdraw at any time without academic penalty. Consent to participate was implied through voluntary participation.

: The authors declare no competing interests.