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Article History

Received: 2 May 2025

Accepted: 13 October 2025

First Online: 24 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The Directorate of Veterinary Services, mandated to conduct diagnostic, research, and other activities related to livestock and animal health, authorized the collection of samples used in this study. Prior to the commencement of the study, permission was obtained from the Chief Director of Veterinary Services, through the Provincial Veterinary Director representing the Department at the provincial level. This study involved samples of animal origin, specifically brain tissue collected from dogs, cattle, and selected wildlife species. The animals were either naturally deceased or humanely euthanized prior to brain tissue extraction, in accordance with standard veterinary procedures.

: All the authors have read and consent with the content of this manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.