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Article History

Received: 3 June 2025

Accepted: 14 August 2025

First Online: 26 August 2025

Declarations

:

: This study involved Eudrilus eugeniae, an invertebrate species not subject to formal ethical review under the current policies of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST). As such, no Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was required. However, all procedures involving the animals were conducted responsibly and in accordance with internationally accepted standards for the ethical treatment of invertebrates in research, including the Basel Declaration and the principles of humane research involving non-vertebrate animals. No specific permissions or licenses were required for the collection of Eudrilus eugeniae, as they are not a protected or regulated species under Ghanaian law. Collection was conducted in accordance with local and institutional guidelines. Collection was performed manually without the use of chemicals, and the animals were maintained under suitable laboratory conditions prior to experimentation.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.