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Authors
Zainol, Norazwina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4447-8773
Aziz, Nor Hazwani https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6175-8550
Gopalan, Thurgah Elang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (FRGS/1/2019/TK10/UMP/02/17)
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Article History
Received: 3 June 2025
Accepted: 2 January 2026
First Online: 5 January 2026
Declarations
:
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The plant material used in this study consisted solely of agricultural waste (pineapple leaf residues) obtained after commercial harvesting and processing. No fresh plants or wild specimens were collected for this research. Therefore, no specific permits or licenses were required, and the use of this plant waste complies with local and national guidelines. Pineapple leaf waste was obtained from Pekan Pina, Pahang, Malaysia, following routine agricultural practices. The material was collected as post-harvest residue, and no additional plant cultivation or harvesting was performed specifically for this study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
