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Article History

Received: 14 August 2025

Accepted: 24 January 2026

First Online: 3 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The species of plant ( Aloe ferox ) utilized in this study was identified by a trained botanist at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in Kumasi. It was collected at Kotei, Kumasi, in Ghana’s Ashanti Region. The botanical material was collected in accordance with institutional rules for academic research as well as local customs. In the study area, collecting Aloe ferox for non-commercial research purposes does not require any particular national laws, licenses, or permits. There were no endangered or protected species involved in the plant gathering, which was done ethically.

: No permits, permissions or licenses were required for harvesting the A. ferox Mill collected, since the plant sample is not a protected species and also sampling for non-commercial research is unrestricted in the study area.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.