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Article History

Received: 6 September 2024

Accepted: 3 March 2025

First Online: 14 March 2025

Declarations

:

: Piper betel leaves were gathered from the farmed population growing on land in the hamlet of Sandalpur, Antri, Madhya Pradesh, India. The plant material was grown in a population that have been processed in accordance with regional or national regulations. Therefore, no license or authorization is needed to gather plant material for this research work. The plant was authenticated and identified by Head of Horticulture Department School of Agriculture, ITM University, Gwalior, India. Animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee (SOP/IAEC23/10).

: All authors have seen the latest version of the manuscript and agree to its publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.