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Article History

Received: 9 January 2025

Accepted: 29 August 2025

First Online: 10 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This study did not involve human participants or animals and therefore did not require ethical approval. Not applicable, as this study did not involve human participants. The plants used in the study are owned by the PhD. student of PROLAC who generated them, Mme MAAZOU Rahila (one of the authors), to Dr IDI SAIDOU Sani and Dr RABIOU Habou (authors) who are on Laboratory for the Management and Valorization of Biodiversity in the Sahel (GeVaBioS), and Pr. Ali MAHAMANE (one of the authors) who is the director of the PROLAC program at Diffa during the time the experiments and the study were taken place. Therefore, the collection of the plants used in the study complies with local or national guidelines with no need for further affirmation. Permission of the landowner was obtained for the collection of the plant material on the wild. All experimental procedures involving plants were approved by the Laboratory for the Management and Valorization of Biodiversity in the Sahel (GeVaBioS), Abdou Moumouni University and the Department of Plant Production and Biodiversity for Faculty of Agronomic and Ecologic Science, University of Diffa (Niger). The material used in this study was based upon work supported by the Lake Chad Basin Recovery Project (PROLAC), Laboratory for the Management and Valorization of Biodiversity in the Sahel (GeVaBioS) and the Department of Plant Production and Biodiversity for Faculty of Agronomic and Ecologic Science, University of Diffa (Niger) This is a cooperative project with the Lake Chad Basin Recovery Project (PROLAC) Initiative. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the Department of Agriculture of Niger state and State Lake Chad Basin. Not applicable: This study did not involve human participants or animals and therefore did not require ethical approval. As this study did not involve human participants.

: I informed you that the consent for publication were obtained from all authors who wrote the manuscript.

: The authors declare that the research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest in this manuscript.