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Article History

Received: 27 January 2025

Accepted: 1 October 2025

First Online: 25 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study did not involve human participants or animals and therefore did not require ethical approval. The wheat varieties used in this study are recorded in the Moroccan official catalogue, established by Dahir No. 1-69-169 of July 25, 1969, as amended by Dahir No. 1-76-472 of September 19, 1977, which regulates the production and marketing of seeds and plants. Varieties listed in the catalogue may be imported, multiplied, and marketed in Morocco. Therefore, the collection of plant materials used in the study complies with local and national guidelines, and no further affirmation is required. Permission to conduct the experiments was granted by the National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA Morocco) at its experimental stations in Sidi El Aidi and Jemaat Shaim. This study was supported by the National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA Morocco) and is part of its cereal research program. The opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of INRA Morocco.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.