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Article History

Received: 10 July 2025

Accepted: 4 November 2025

First Online: 16 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Collection of Amaranthus cruentus L. seeds was conducted following national and local regulations. Permission to collect seeds was obtained from the Tea Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Iran. The plants were cultivated in a growth chamber within the laboratory facilities of the University of Tabriz. All experimental procedures adhered to institutional, national, and international guidelines for research involving plants. No special permissions or licences were required, as the species used is neither protected nor endangered.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.