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Article History

Received: 28 May 2025

Accepted: 7 November 2025

First Online: 2 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any ofthe authors. The linseed ( Linum usitatissimum L.) seeds used in this study were obtained from the certified seed bank of the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), Karaj, Iran. All plant materials were cultivated under controlled field conditions and were not collected from the wild. The study complied with the national guidelines of the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture Jihad, specifically the “Regulations for the Collection and Use of Agricultural Plant Genetic Resources” (2009). No specific collection permits or licences were required, as no wild specimens were collected. The geographic coordinates of the cultivation site (32°32′ N, 52°22′ E; 1630 m asl) have been provided in the Materials and Methods section.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.