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Authors
Opio, Borden
Mutyambai, Daniel M.
Cheseto, Xavier
Omuse, Evanson R.
Jalloh, Abdul A.
Mumo, Naomi N.
Schuman, Meredith Christine
Chidawanyika, Frank
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
European Commission (UPSCALE H2020-SFS-2019-2)
IKEA Foundation (G-2204-02144)
Biovision Foundation for Ecological Development (BVDPP-001/2020-22)
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Article History
Received: 15 May 2025
Accepted: 13 November 2025
First Online: 1 December 2025
Declarations
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: Not applicable. This study was conducted exclusively with plant biological material (kale: Brassica oleracea var. acephala) in accordance with applicable ethical and legal guidelines. The tested kale varieties are commercially available, and applicable guidelines for their cultivation was followed. The requirement for permission to collect plant material in the study area was not applicable. All stages of the work followed current research ethics standards and guidelines, ensuring compliance with the standards required for conducting scientific activities with biological material. The plant material was not collected from any other specific areas apart from the study site; detailed information is provided in the form of coordinates in the manuscript.
: Not Applicable.
: Not Applicable, as the tested plant is commercially available for cultivation.
: The authors declare no conflict of interest, whether financial or non-financial.
