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Article History

Received: 27 March 2025

Accepted: 14 November 2025

First Online: 21 December 2025

Declarations

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: Not applicable, as this study did not involve human participants or live vertebrates. Plant material [Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) genotypes which were explained in Table  , and Egyptian broomrape ( Phelipanche aegyptiaca (Pers.) Pomel.)] was procured from the Urmia Tobacco Research Center (UTRC), Urmia, Iran. As a cultivated crop varieties prepared by UTRC, its use for academic research complies with the provisions of the Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute, Ministry of Agriculture Jahad, of Iran. The species is not listed as endangered or protected under CITES or IUCN. Concerning the requirement for permission to collect plant material within the study area, it was deemed unnecessary, as the collection activities did not involve protected species or restricted locations. Because no seed collection was carried out during the present investigation, the need for any formal collection authorization did not arise. The use of  Nicotiana tabacum  and Phelipanche aegyptiaca complied with institutional, national, and international guidelines. As the plant material was cultivated from certified seeds obtained from a recognized research institute, no special permits or licenses were required for its collection or use in this study.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Nicotiana tabacum  and Phelipanche aegyptiaca seeds were procured from the Urmia Tobacco Research Center (UTRC), Urmia, Iran. The plant material was identified and authenticated by UTRC scientists, and the varieties are documented in Iranian Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute records as a recognized chewing-tobacco type. As the material originated from an official agricultural institute, no additional voucher specimen was deposited by the authors.

: The authors declare no competing interests.