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Article History

Received: 11 August 2025

Accepted: 16 December 2025

First Online: 28 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This research was performed in compliance with relevant guidelines and regulations as approved by the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) and The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU). Written permission to conduct the research was obtained from the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) Office of the Vice-Chancellor research committee (Ref. no. SUA/FSC/D/2020/0011/11, dated February 18, 2022), and the two chosen district government heads (Bosset and Bati District) were given authorization for the field study and data collection via an official letter (Ref No: 3025/4.28/14, dated April 24, 2022).

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The collection of plant materials in this study complied with local and national guidelines, and all ethical issue was considered during the data collection, analysis and writing of the manuscript.

: Not applicable.