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Article History

Received: 31 July 2025

Accepted: 22 December 2025

First Online: 4 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Experimental research on cultivated crops complied with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation governing plant research. The crop species used in this study (rice, maize, sorghum, and millet) are not listed as threatened under the IUCN Red List and are not regulated under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Plant materials are currently deposited in the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology Herbarium, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Dutsin-Ma 821,101, Nigeria. Voucher identification numbers have been assigned and are provided to ensure traceability and reproducibility of the study. This study was conducted in full compliance with the ethical approval and guidelines of the Faculty of Life Sciences Ethics Committee, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, and in accordance with all applicable ethical standards. Collection of cultivated plant seeds was carried out with prior permission from the farmers, and all relevant permissions were duly obtained.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.