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Authors
Lopez, Santiago
Hicks, Neal
Feola, Jacqueline
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Washington Bothell
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Article History
Received: 26 May 2025
Accepted: 5 January 2026
First Online: 14 January 2026
Declarations
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: No Ilex aquifolium specimens were collected in this study. All plants remained in place and were not removed from the site. A research permit (220906) from WA State Parks was obtained to allow on-site measurements and mapping of individuals.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: In accordance with institutional, national, and international guidelines for experimental research and field studies on plants, including those recommended by the IUCN and the Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, we note that this research did not involve the collection of plant material or plant specimens. No plant individuals were removed from the field site, and therefore no voucher specimens were generated or deposited in a herbarium.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
