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Article History

Received: 1 August 2025

Accepted: 7 January 2026

First Online: 18 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Plant guidelines: The collection of the plants used in the study complies with local or national guidelines with no need for further affirmation. Permissions to collect the plants/plant parts: Plant samples (flowering twig) used in this study were collected with prior official communication or verbal permission from the Divisional Forest Officer (DFO) and wildlife authority of particular forest region. Permission was obtained before field work for all the forest area and wildlife sanctuaries mentioned in Fig.  . No permit or license number was issued for this collection as study was conducted by local and national guidelines and did not involve any endangered or protected species. The detailed information related to forest region/wildlife sanctuary are provided on the herbarium sheets deposited in the CMP college herbarium.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Not applicable.

: Field studies on plants including the collection of plant material, complies with The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Policy Statement on Research Involving Species at Risk of Extinction and consult the IUCN red list index of threatened species Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Dr. Deepak Kumar Gond, Assistant Professor, Plant Taxonomist, Department of Botany, CMP Degree College, Prayagraj identified the plant/plant parts. The voucher specimens are deposited in the in the Herbarium of CMP Degree College, Prayagraj. The deposition number of each species has been mentioned in Table  of the manuscript.

: Plants were collected from different forest regions i.e. Tropical Moist Deciduous (TMD) forest, Tropical Dry Deciduous (TDD) forest and Tropical Thorny (TT) forest of Uttar Pradesh. Protected areas include Hastinapur wildlife sanctuary (Meerut, Bijnor, Hapur, Amroha, Ghaziabad & Muzaffarnagar, UP), Kishanpur wildlife sanctuary (Lakhimpur Kheri, UP), Katerniaghat wildlife sanctuary (Bahraich, UP), Sohagi Barwa wildlife sanctuary (Maharajganj, UP), Chandraprabha wildlife sanctuary (Chandauli, UP), Ranipur wildlife sanctuary (Chitrakoot, UP), and Mahavir Swami wildlife sanctuary (Lalitpur, UP).